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浙派越剧奇葩美丽绽放浙江越剧团走出传承和的特色之路
●傅淑青
与其他地方戏曲剧种相比,越剧的历史不算太过久远,110年来,她逐渐发展成中国第二大剧种,在国外还享有“中国歌剧”的美称.
对越剧的欣赏,一直以来,人们大都把眼光聚集于剧目和流派唱腔上,其实,越剧的传承与创新发展的根基应当在戏曲音乐方面,这不容忽视.为此,笔者带着对越剧的崇敬,走访了与新中国同龄的浙江越剧团.
男女合演,刚柔并济
过去,观众有这样的印象：越剧就是“女人戏”.其实不然.在浙江越剧团会议室里,老作曲家谈声贤先生向笔者回忆了越剧发展的简要历程.他说,越剧初创时期的说唱艺人,多是男性农民,故有“男班”之称；后来受京剧“髦儿班”的启发,嵊县开办了全国第一个“女子科班”,出道后以“文武女班”的名义四处演出,凭借甜美软糯的嗓音、相貌俊美的扮相,得到戏迷的热烈追捧；而“男班”却遗憾地退出了舞台.
越剧再现男演员,是在1949年.浙江省文工团越剧队（即浙江越剧团前身）成立伊始,重新试行男女合演,周大风、卢炳容等老一辈作曲家详细研究分析了越剧各时期唱腔音乐的发展规律,与演员、乐师反复实验后,创立基本男调.具体而言,即在男女对唱上,根据男声演唱的特点,创造了同调异腔、异调同腔、同调同腔等方法.当时,该队排演了《王秀鸾》等多部现代戏,又启先河,即男演男角,女演女角.
1952年,浙江越剧团正式成立,此后多次晋京汇报演出.1958年9月11日晚,周恩来总理观看浙江越剧团演出的《风雪摆渡》《雨前曲》等剧目后,亲切接见了全团演职人员.周总理赞扬了戏中的《采茶舞曲》和《采茶舞》,鼓励说：“越剧要反映现实生活,就要进行改革,实行男女合演.”周总理恳切的一番话,让浙江越剧团全体演职人员的信心和热情空前高涨.
改革开放后,浙江越剧团在男女合演领域不断探索和前行,创作改编出了大批适合男女合演的高水准剧目.其后,浙江越剧团培养出江涛、梁永璋、何贤芬、张志明、周云娟、李培珍和舒锦霞、华渭强、王滨梅、张伟忠、李海明等演员,同时还成立影视部,通过荧屏扩大男女合演越剧的影响.
浙江越剧团是浙江省唯一一家男女合演的越剧团,形成了区别与女子越剧的“浙派”唱腔特色,达到了阳刚与柔美的完美结合.谈声贤先生向笔者介绍,男女合演既丰富了越剧的题材、增强了舞台的表现力,也拓展了戏曲音乐,业内专家充分肯定了这种演出形式.浙江越剧团精品迭出,至今已有4部剧目荣获全国“五个一工程”奖,为浙江赢得了极大的荣誉,这在全国戏曲界也不多见.
中西交融,琴瑟和谐
音乐是越剧至关重要的核心,因为它始终贯穿整个演出,不仅要为演员的唱腔伴奏,而且还在情节推动、舞台气氛渲染以及剧目的结构统一和完整上,起到不可替代的作用.对此,老艺术家陈宝发先生如数家珍地跟笔者回忆了越剧音乐历史的变迁：越剧发展初期,其音乐形式非常简单,只有一块竹板“的的笃笃”地配合演员唱、念、做,“的笃班”称谓由此而来.之后,三弦、胡琴、唢呐、箫、二胡等乐器配合出现,越剧音乐慢慢丰富起来.
说起越剧音乐,乐队主胡陈云雄先生介绍,新中国成立以后,随着创作理念和方向的差异,越剧音乐主要形成了两种不同的风格：一种是“海派”越剧音乐,主张传承民乐化伴奏为主；另一种是“浙派”越剧音乐,主张在传承的基础上进行创新,把小提琴、木管、合成器、低音等西洋乐器融合进来,其最大特色在于“中西合璧”,极大拓展了越剧音乐的表现方式和感染力.
浙江越剧团成立67周年以来,涌现出大批名家,如《梁祝》曲作者何占豪、一代司鼓宗师沈根荣、越胡演奏家陈云雄等,如今又拥有钱可、张柯恩、奚琼等演奏家.正是在几代艺术家呕心沥血的奋斗下,才形成了“浙派”越剧音乐清新飘逸又不失浑厚深沉的独特演奏风格.
说到这里,陈云雄先生又和笔者说起了多年前的一件往事.当时,上海某越剧团的负责人听完刚柔并济的“浙派”越剧音乐演奏后,被深深打动,当场表示愿用该团的演员来换浙江越剧团乐队的乐师.
如今,浙江各地区的越剧团已较多地吸收了以浙江越剧团为代表的“浙派”越剧音乐演奏风格,各乐队编制都和浙江越剧团建队理念相似,秉承“走向世界,中西兼容”的理念.
浙江越剧团乐队已经从幕后走到了前台,在全国有一定的知名度.近几年,该乐队在省内外重要的民乐大赛和民族歌舞节赛场上屡获集体和个人演奏奖,这充分体现了乐队的水平和实力.
据浙江越剧团副团长钱可先生介绍,该团乐队将再进行创新,在原有基础上扩大弦乐和管乐的编制,给观众带去越剧传统韵味享受的同时,又能感受到现代的、优美的音乐旋律和演奏风格,使中西乐器演奏出真正的“天籁之音”.
改编创新,任重道远
浙江越剧团（浙江省文工团越剧队）自成立以来,对“才子佳人”式的故事题材进行了整理,创作改编了《小刀会》《泪洒相思地》《灰阑记》《庵堂认母》《胭脂》等多部古装戏,以及《五姑娘》《争儿记》《山花烂漫》《斗诗亭》《杨立贝》《血泪荡》《金沙江畔》等多部现代戏、近代剧,还根据外国文艺改编了《沈清传》等剧目,获得相当的好评.当年,民间有这样的说法,浙江越剧团的一张戏票便可换取一套价值不菲的家具.
走出这样的特色之路,浙江越剧团有不拘泥于固有模式的思路和实践.除剧目及唱念做外,主要在戏曲音乐上借鉴西洋歌剧的手法,在传统越剧里加入主题曲、插曲、重唱等,加强烘托剧本的主题内容,着力塑造人物的鲜明个性,深度挖掘剧目的思想内涵.这种既遵守越剧传统元素又创新的创作手法,得到了戏迷的喜爱和热烈追捧.
越剧总不能吃传统的老本.钱可先生介绍,在多元化的信息时代,戏曲普遍面临严峻的挑战,浙江越剧团现正在培育一批忠实于越剧的年轻观众.2014年该团在排演《牡丹亭》时,兼任该剧编剧、导演的团长陶铁斧先生提出“让传统在时尚中秀美”的口号,在保证艺术水准的前提下,在演员阵容、舞美、音乐、服装设计等多方面力求年轻时尚,使之音乐更丰富、舞台表现力更强,目的在于吸引更多年轻观众.随之,该团排演了“青春版三部曲”,以青春亮丽的表演带动正处青春年华的观众.
越剧想发展得更远大,人才的建设和培养是重中之重.这几年,浙江越剧团已和有关高校合作,委托培养输送乐师、作曲等专业复合型人才.越来越多的人愿意投身于越剧事业,使这个剧种后继有人,薪火相传.
在越剧诞生110周年之际,浙江越剧团立志以获得全国40余个大奖、全省100余个奖项基础为新的起点,立志开拓出一片更为宽广的天地！
（本文照片由浙江越剧团提供）
Troupe Brings Yueju Opera Forward
By Fu Shuqing
Some people tend to focus on plays andstar performers when it comes to the appreciationof Yueju Opera. Some may tend to forgetthe music itself. The other day I visitedZhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe to learn moreabout the musical evolution of Yueju Operaover the past 110 years. Zhejiang Yueju OperaTroupe was born in the same year whenthe People’s Republic came into being.
Men and Women on theSame Stage
Many theatergoers are under the impressionthat Yueju Opera is staged by allwomen performers. But it was not so inthe past and it hasn’t been so for decades.I had a conversation with Tan Shengxian,a composer with the troupe. According toTan, in the initial years, all the artists ofwhat is now known as Yueju Opera weremale villagers. That was why the troupeswere called men troupes. Then there appearedan all-women troupe in Shenxian,inspired by an all-women Peking Operaperformance. As theatergoers loved allwomen-performances, all-men troupes disappeared,regretfully.
Men made a comeback on the YuejuOpera stage in 1949. Zhou Dafeng andLu Bingrong and other composers of thetroupe studied the possibility of stagingmen-and-women Yueju Opera performance.They studied the tunes of the past and experimented.Eventually they developed anumber of tunes and ways for men to singbeautifully alone and with their female partnerson the stage.
The joint performance of men and womenwas noticed by the top fans of YuejuOpera when Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupecame to Beijing in 1958 and staged theirnew plays. Premier Zhou Enlai confirmedthe direction.
After the reform and opening to the outsideworld began in the late 1970s, ZhejiangYueju Opera Troupe made more explorationsin the joint performance. The troupenot only created plays suitable for men andwomen artists but also cultivated artistsin both genders. Nowadays, it is the onlytroupe in Zhejiang that has both women andmen performers. The joint performance hasits special musical charms. The troupe haswon four top national prizes for plays performedby both men and women artists.
West and East: Music
Musical accompaniment is a key partof Yueju Opera. It goes through the wholeplay. It goes with arias and pushes the storylineforward. I talked with Chen Baofa,a veteran Yueju Opera artist, about musicof Yueju Opera. He ge me a mini lectureon the evolution of music of Yueju Opera.In the initial years, the only musical instrumentused in performance was a pair ofbamboo clappers. The sound of the clapperswas di, du, di, du. That’s why all the troupeswere known as Di Du troupes at first. Thenmore instruments were introduced. Tunesand melodies evolved. There he been twomajor trends in the development of YuejuOpera bands since the founding of the People’sRepublic. Troupes in Shanghai heclung to the tradition. The bands in China’sbiggest metropolis adhere to the traditionalsounds and rhythms of the past. Mosttroupes in Zhejiang, on the other hand, heintroduced western instruments such asviolin, woodwinds, bass, and synthesizersinto their bands. The new bands he fusedthe best of the west and the east and greatlyenriched the musical expressions of the regionalopera. The band mode pioneered byZhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe is now adoptedby many troupes across the province.
Musically, the troupe has introducedmany western formats into Yueju Operato highlight its modern repertoire. Themesongs, interludes, and ensembles can beheard in the plays. These new formats aretraditionalized to fuse with the essence ofYueju Opera and add an innovative touchto the tradition, and win the hearts oftheatergoers.
The troupe has cultivated composers andmusicians. These composers never hesitateto try out new ideas. Musicians are nolonger faceless accompaniment behind thecurtain. They he appeared in many musiccompetitions and won top awards.
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