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失去山林的孩子
“Last Child in the Woods” rarely stays on my bookshelves, primarily because I am always giving it away. This may be one of the most important popular texts written on child development in the last decade. Anyone raising children needs at least to be familiar with Louv’s books that boys and girls today are living in a non-natural[非自然的] environment. Surprisingly, teachers and parents, considering a number of social, political and cultural reasons, are trying their best to keep children away from the natural world.
Louv suggests it is the cause of “nature-deficit disorder”. This is so common among school children in the United States. For example, a young boy is asked to answer a question concerning his forite place to play, he answered, “I like to play indoors, because that’s where all the electrical outlets[插座] are.”
Thirty years ago it was not uncommon for children to spend their free time playing in creeks[小溪] and woods, building tree houses, or camping out under the stars in a neighbor’s field. Experiences of nature tended to be direct, associated with ells, tastes, sounds and feelings—by ice skating in the winter, investigating pussy willows[杨柳] in the spring, collecting fireflies[萤火虫] and colored lees in the summer and fall. Now, according to Louv, all of that has changed, and nature has come to be considered as a kind of “bogeyman[妖怪]”.
I happened to be reading his book while visiting relatives in my hometown of Gahanna, Ohio, a place where the landscape[地形；风景] had once been as familiar to me as my sisters and cousins there. Much like Louv, I spent most of my time as a youth building the tree houses. I was also a frequent visitor to the creek that goes through our all village. The creek was a kind of social gathering place for all the kids of my neighborhood.
Last July, with thoughts of recapturing[回顾；再次经历] some of our old experiences, two of my cousins and I decided to put on our old tennis shoes, find a bucket and search the tadpoles[蝌蚪] and crawdads[小龙虾] in the creek—just like old times. Never did I dream that such an activity would generate so much anxiety among the parents of the children who wanted to join us. All kinds of questions appear. Was the water clean？ Just to be sure, we should probably not allow the young ones to get wet, and let’s be certain that everyone has a good shower afterwards. Another question is： What kind of bad guys might we expect to encounter[遭遇] when they play in waters so far from the safety of civilization？ We were just going wading[涉水] in a creek！
What my two cousins and I encountered in the creek that afternoon was even more disheartening[沮丧的]. It was the middle of the summer and kids were hing their summer vacation, but apparently they were not interested in spending it along the banks of the creek. I was surprised, and encouraged, to find that the tadpoles and other water creatures were still there in the mile-long stretch of water we waded. The only thing missing was a human presence. Predictably[可预见地], after the shower, the hand-held electronic games came out and the “real fun” resumed[重新开始；占用；恢复] among the kids.
For Louv, the present inability[无能为力] to regard one’s neighborhood as “place” is part of the problem. Namely, nowadays kids know the nature mainly base on the secondary experience[from teachers, books, etc.] rather than face-to-face conversation. Kids cannot value and love what they cannot name, cannot value and love other people, countries and the earth that they cannot feel or know.
Louv advocates[提倡] a return to getting one’s hands dirty when engaging[接触] with the natural world. But in a “culture of clean”, dirty hands seem only to be at an unnecessary risk, and after all, we want to be safe. This means that certain things just he to be given up. For example, the vacant lots[空地] and wooded parks he now been replaced by lined soccer fields and other open spaces. Again, the reason is fear： eliminate the risk. But what else is lost at the same time？
Louv spends much of his time in this text arguing for the therapeutic[治疗的；有益健康的] value of natural experiences. He even goes so far as to suggest that by direct nature experiences, many psychological[心理上的] and social problems can be solved to certain extent.
However, the problem in today’s discussion is： Our children today seem to be losing their ability to “learn the language of their fields” due to the different reasons. And with every birdsong that goes unrecognized, every flower that goes unnamed, every droning[嗡嗡声] cicada[蝉] that gets ignored, our boys and girls take one step further away from an sense of what it means truly to be human.
《失去山林的孩子》这本书很少会被静置在我的书架上,这主要是因为我总是把书送给了别人.这本书可能是近十年来关于儿童发展方面的最重要的书之一.只要是有孩子的人都至少得熟悉洛夫写的关于如今孩子正生活在一种非自然的环境下的书.令人奇怪的是,老师和孩子的父母考虑到一些社会,政治和文化的原因,都会尽其所能让孩子们远离大自然.
洛夫认为这正是孩子们患上“大自然缺失症”的原因.这种情况在美国的在校学生中非常普遍.比如,当一个小男孩被问及他最喜欢玩耍的地方时,他回答说：“我喜欢在家里玩,因为家里有插座.”
30年前,孩子们能够在空余时间在小溪和树林里玩耍,搭建树屋,或者在邻居家的空地上搭帐篷看星星,这样的情况在当时非常普遍.体验大自然的方式应该是直接的,应该用嗅觉、味觉、听觉和触觉去感受——冬天滑冰,春天研究杨柳,夏天和秋天捕捉萤火虫和收集红叶.可是现在,用洛夫的话讲,一切都改变了,大自然被人们当成是某种“妖怪”.
当我拜访家乡俄亥俄洲的加汉拿的亲戚的时候,正好读到了他的书.我对那儿的地形的熟悉不亚于我在那儿的妹妹们和堂兄们.和洛夫一样,我童年的大部分时间都在建堡垒和树屋.我经常在流经我们小村庄的一条小溪那玩耍.这条小溪就像是我和邻居小伙伴们交际玩耍的基地.
去年七月,为了重温童年时光,我和我的两个堂兄决定穿上旧网球鞋,找个小桶,在小溪中寻找蝌蚪和小龙虾——就和小时候一样.一些孩子也想加入我们,但我从没想到这样一种行为会引起孩子的父母们如此大的焦虑.许多问题都冒了出来.水够干净吗？要确保小孩子们不能弄湿自己,最好在事后好好洗个澡.另一个问题又来了：我们在离文明城市这么远的地方涉水玩耍时,会遇到什么样的坏人呢？我们只是在小溪中涉水而已！
那天下午,我和堂兄们遇到的事甚至更令人诅丧.当时正值夏季中旬,孩子们正在放暑假,但很显然,他们并没有兴趣在小溪边玩耍.当我们涉水至溪宽一半时,我很好奇但又倍受鼓舞地发现小溪中还有小蝌蚪和其他水生生物的存在.可唯一缺少的就是人气.可以预见的是,在洗澡过后,便携式电子游戏开始登场,孩子们开始享受“真正的乐趣”.
对于洛夫来说,当前还不能把邻居家当成“玩耍基地”也是问题的一部分.也就是说,当今的孩子们主要通过（来自于老师,书本等的）二手的经验来了解自然,而不是与自然面对面的对话. 孩子不可能会去珍惜和关爱他们叫不出名的事物,不可能去珍惜和关爱他们感受不到或者一无所知的他人,国家,地球.
洛夫提议接触大自然要回归到“把手弄脏”的方式.但在“干净的文化”中,脏手似乎只代表了不必要的冒险,毕竟,所有人都喜欢平安无事.这就意味着我们必须得放弃某些事物.比如,从前的空地和森林公园早已被划线的足球场和其他户外场地所代替.罪魁祸首还是人类的恐惧：消除一切风险.但与此同时,我们又丢失了什么呢？
洛夫在其书中花了大量时间来讨论自然经历的治疗价值.他甚至深入研究并建议,通过亲身接触大自然,许多心理问题和社会问题从某种程度上都能被解决.
不过,今天讨论的问题还是在于：如今由于种种原因,我们的孩子们看起来正逐渐失去“学习田野的语言”的能力.孩子们辨认不出各种鸟鸣声,叫不出各种花名,忽视低鸣的蝉声,他们正渐渐远离人类的本质.
链接：
“大自然缺失症（nature deficit disorder, NDD）”指的是现在的青少年到户外、空旷的乡间活动的时间越来越少这样一种趋势.它不是一种需要医生诊断或需要服药治疗的病症,而是当今一种危险的社会现象,即儿童在大自然中度过的时间越来越少,从而导致了一系列行为和心理上的问题,比如抑郁症、多动症、无聊以及孤独等.这个概念最早由美国作家理查德·洛夫（Richard Louv）在他的畅销书《失去山林的孩子：拯救大自然缺失症儿童》（Last Child in the Woods： Sing Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder）中提出.21世纪的孩子们不再像他们的父辈那样在大自然里自由玩耍、跟大自然交流了,他们大部分的时间都呆在室内.他们更多的是在看电视、玩电脑或游戏.他们耳边听着世界各地的流行音乐,却从未欣赏过林间小鸟清脆的歌声.其实,他们的生活少了很多乐趣.
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